不同加工处理中草药对鳗鲡主要致病菌的抗菌效果

采用琼脂稀释法，测定了3种不同加工处理后的大黄（Pheum officinale B.）、黄连（Coptis chinensis F.）、黄芩（Scutellaria baicalensis G．）、五倍子（Rhus chinensis M．）、连翘（Forsyrhia suspense V．）、知母（Anemarrhena asphodeloides B．）等6种中草药对16株鳗鲡致病菌的MIC和MBC．结果表明：6种中草药通过不同的加工处理，其抑菌效果存在显著差异．6种中草药通过两种粉碎方法处理后的抑菌效果明显好于水煎煮法，而且药物粉碎颗粒的大小与药物抑菌效果也有一定的关系．     

C/N ratio control and substrate addition for periphyton development jointly enhance freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii production in ponds

The present research investigated the effect of carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio) control in ponds with or without substrate addition for periphyton development on production of giant freshwater prawn. C/N ratios of 10, 15 and 20 were investigated in 40 m^− 2 ponds stocked with 2 prawn juveniles (5.023 ± 0.02 g) m^− 2 with or without added substrates for periphyton development. The various treatment combinations of C/N ratio and periphyton substrate addition are abbreviated as ‘CN10’, ‘CN15’, ‘CN20’, ‘CN10 + P’, ‘CN15 + P’ and ‘CN20 + P’, P representing periphyton substrate. A locally formulated and prepared feed containing 30% crude protein with C/N ratio10 was applied. Tapioca starch was used as carbohydrate source for manipulating C/N ratio and applied to the water column separately from the feed. Increasing the C/N ratio from 10 to 20 reduced (P < 0.001) the total ammonia-nitrogen (TAN), nitrite–nitrogen (NO₂–N) and nitrate–nitrogen (NO₃–N) in water column and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) in sediment. The addition of substrates only influenced the NO₂–N concentration in the water column (P < 0.001). Increasing the C/N ratio raised the total heterotrophic bacterial (THB) population in the water column, sediment and periphyton (P < 0.001). It also increased the dry matter (DM), ash free dry matter (AFDM), and chlorophyll a content of periphyton (P < 0.001). The lowest specific growth rate (SGR), the highest food conversion ratio (FCR), and the lowest protein efficiency ratio (PER) were recorded in treatment CN10 (P < 0.05). The addition of substrates did not influence size at harvest (P > 0.05) but improved the survival from 62.8 to 72% (P < 0.001). Increasing the C/N ratio from 10 to 20 increased the net yield by 40% and addition of substrate increased the net yield by 23%. The combination of C/N ratio control and substrate addition increased the net yield by 75% from 309 (CN10) to 540 (CN20 + P) kg ha^− 1 (120 days)^− 1. This 75% higher production concurred with (1) a lower inorganic nitrogen content in the water column, (2) a higher THB abundance supplying additional single cell protein to augment the prawn production, and (3) an improved periphyton productivity and quality.     

Chemical Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationship Study Yield Desotamide a Analogues with Improved Antibacterial Activity

Desotamides A, a cyclohexapeptide produced by the deep-sea-derived Streptomyces scopuliridis SCSIO ZJ46, displays notable antibacterial activities against strains of Streptococcus pnuemoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE). In this study, to further explore its antibacterial potential and reveal the antibacterial structure-activity relationship of desotamides, 13 cyclopeptides including 10 new synthetic desotamide A analogues and wollamides B/B1/B2 were synthesized and evaluated for their antibacterial activities against a panel of Gram-positive and -negative pathogens. The bioactivity data reveal that residues at position II and VI greatly impact antibacterial activity. The most potent antibacterial analogues are desotamide A4 (13) and A6 (15) where l-allo-Ile at position II was substituted with l-Ile and Gly at position VI was simultaneously replaced by d-Lys or d-Arg; desotamides A4 (13) and A6 (15) showed a 2–4-fold increase of antibacterial activities against a series of Gram-positive pathogens including the prevalent clinical drug-resistant pathogen methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with MIC values of 8–32 μg/mL compared to the original desotamide A. The enhanced antibacterial activity, broad antibacterial spectrum of desotamides A4 and A6 highlighted their potential as new antibiotic leads for further development.     

碱蓬根际和内生细菌菌株对盐碱胁迫下苜蓿生长的影响

为研究碱蓬根际和内生细菌菌株对盐碱胁迫下苜蓿幼苗生长的影响,试验以龙牧801紫花苜蓿为供试品种,将前期从碱蓬根内（JG1）、根际土壤（JT4）和茎内（JJ5）筛选出的具有较强耐盐碱胁迫能力的根际及内生细菌菌株接种于苜蓿幼苗根部。接菌1周后将中性盐（NaCl、Na₂SO₄）和碱性盐（NaHCO₃、Na₂CO₃）按NaCl∶Na₂SO₄∶NaHCO₃∶Na₂CO₃=9∶1∶1∶9混合,并设置0、100、150、200 mmol·L^-1盐碱浓度溶液浇灌苜蓿幼苗根部,进行盐碱胁迫处理。分析盐碱胁迫下碱蓬根际及内生细菌菌株对苜蓿生长及生理的影响,并通过隶属函数和主成分分析综合评价碱蓬根际和内生细菌菌株对盐碱胁迫下苜蓿生长的影响。结果表明：3株促生细菌均能缓解盐碱胁迫对紫花苜蓿生长的抑制作用,促进紫花苜蓿生长,不同促生细菌对盐碱胁迫下苜蓿促生效果为JT4>JG1>JJ5。     

藏猪对饲粮纤维的消化及其与肠道微生物的相关性研究

旨在研究藏猪对饲粮纤维素和半纤维素的消化及其与粪便细菌的相关性,探索藏猪具备较强纤维降解能力的潜在因素。采用消化试验测定150 d放牧藏猪、舍饲藏猪和商品猪（杜×长×大猪,DLY猪）对饲粮纤维的表观消化率。采集粪便样品利用单分子实时测序技术,测定粪便细菌16S rRNA基因全长序列,分析粪便细菌群落的结构和多样性,采用Spearman相关分析获取饲粮纤维表观消化率与粪便中细菌群落的相关性。结果表明,放牧藏猪对饲粮纤维素和半纤维素的表观消化率显著高于舍饲藏猪与DLY猪（P<0.05）。在放牧藏猪、舍饲藏猪与DLY猪粪便细菌中共鉴定出15个门、26个纲、48个目、87个科、190个属、419个种。放牧藏猪粪便细菌中有1个门纤维杆菌门（Fibrobacteres）、3个属拟普雷沃菌属（Alloprevotella）、纤维杆菌属（Fibrobacter）与琥珀酸弧菌属（Succinivibrio）、3个种（Alloprevotella rava、Fibrobacter intestinalis、Succinivibrio dextrinosolvens）相对丰度显著高于舍饲藏猪与DLY猪（P<0.05）,并与饲粮纤维表观消化率呈显著正相关（P<0.05）。综上所述,放牧藏猪具备较强的纤维消化能力,这种能力与粪便中的纤维降解菌密切相关。     

葡萄枝叶自然青贮中优选乳酸菌的分离与鉴定

本研究旨在对葡萄枝叶青贮饲料中天然附着优势乳酸菌进行分离培养和鉴定,为葡萄枝叶资源的饲料化利用提供可靠的乳酸菌资源。利用分子生物学鉴定法(16S rDNA序列分析)与传统的微生物鉴定法对分离出的乳酸菌进行鉴定,最终得到5株乳酸菌菌株,其中Q1菌株鉴定为肠膜明串珠菌(Leuconostoc mesenterica),Q2和Q5菌株鉴定为屎肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium),Q3菌株鉴定为铅黄色肠球菌(Enterococcus casseliflavus),Q4菌株鉴定为海氏肠球菌(Enterococcus hirae)。所筛选出的乳酸菌除L.mesenterica在pH为9时不能生长,其余菌株均能在pH 3～9,4℃～45℃,3%和6.5% NaCl浓度环境下生长;其中E.hirae菌株在培养至24 h后其菌液pH可达到4.11,OD值为1.42,表现出最强的生长及产酸能力。     

犬猫皮肤病细菌性病原分离鉴定及天然产物抑菌效果分析

【目的】 分离鉴定武汉市患皮肤病犬猫细菌性病原,并探索其对传统抗菌药物与天然活性产物藤黄酸(GA)和6-溴靛玉红-3’-肟(BIO)的敏感性。【方法】 对患皮肤病犬猫采样并分离病原,通过生长特性观察、革兰氏染色镜检、PCR等方法鉴定并利用SPF小鼠验证致病性;通过药敏纸片验证其对传统药物的耐药性,并测定天然产物对其最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC)值。【结果】 分离得到2株金黄色葡萄球菌、3株伪中间型葡萄球菌、2株猫葡萄球菌、1株犬链球菌及1株奇异变形杆菌。SPF小鼠皮肤创伤感染验证分离菌株均有致病性。犬链球菌及奇异变形杆菌对各自受试药物均敏感;葡萄球菌对复方新诺明、青霉素、红霉素、四环素、左氧氟沙星、苯唑西林、庆大霉素、克林霉素及氯霉素存在不同程度耐药。天然活性产物GA和BIO对上述9株菌均具有良好抑菌效果,且除分离菌株F5外GA对分离菌株的MIC值均小于BIO。【结论】 本研究共分离得到5种、9株犬猫皮肤细菌。犬链球菌、奇异变形杆菌对传统抗菌药物均敏感,部分葡萄球菌存在耐药。GA和BIO对犬猫皮肤病原菌均有明显抑菌活性,显示其可作为防控犬猫细菌性皮肤病的候选药物。     

‘晋农1号’达乌里胡枝子根瘤内生解磷菌的鉴定及特性研究

根瘤内生解磷菌具有促进豆科植物结瘤固氮,提高植物抗逆性等作用。本研究以‘晋农1号’达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza daurica ‘Jinnong NO.1’)为试验材料,采用“划线法”分离其根瘤内生菌,筛选具有解磷能力的菌株,测定其解磷能力,并对其抗逆和促生特性进行研究。结果表明：达乌里胡枝子根瘤中共分离出88株内生菌,其中11株具有解磷能力;TG41,TG43,TG47和TG68解有机磷量为0.73~1.29μg·mL^-1,TG47和TG68解无机磷量为72.97和1.29μg·mL^-1,为有效解磷菌;经鉴定,TG41和TG43为Bacillus zanthoxyli,TG47为Phyllobacterium zundukense,TG68为Pantoea agglomerans;TG41,TG43和TG68在盐浓度0.01%~9.00%和pH4~pH12条件下均可生长;4株菌不耐高温,TG47和TG68能在4℃生长;TG41,TG43和TG68能分泌铁载体和有机酸。综上,达乌里胡枝子根瘤中存在丰富的内生菌,部分具有解磷功能、抗逆和促生潜力,可用于研发适合黄土高原地区胡枝子建植的根瘤微生物复合菌剂。     

高寒草甸植物根际溶磷菌的筛选鉴定及其溶磷与促生效果

为获得高寒草甸根际土中优良溶磷菌资源,本研究从青海省高寒草甸根际土中筛选了4株溶磷菌,结合16S rRNA基因分析法确定其分类地位,并通过钼锑抗比色法和盆栽试验进行了溶磷与促生效果的研究。结果显示：4株溶磷菌均为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.),均可形成明显的溶磷圈。在无机磷液体培养基中培养7d后,4株菌株的磷增量在156.17~511.33μg·mL^-1之间;溶磷过程中4株菌均分泌多种有机酸,总有机酸量在522.36~986.69mg·L^-1之间;盆栽试验表明4株菌均能显著增加披碱草(Elymus dahuricus Turcz.)株高和地上部干重;菌株MXSC5,MXSC6和MQC13可使植株全氮、全磷含量增加,且4株菌株对土壤速效氮、速效磷含量也有正向影响。本研究结果将有助于进一步探究溶磷菌对植物的促生作用及微生物菌肥的开发利用。